Our data provide evidence for interoceptive and sensorial dysfunctions as reduced connectivity in insula, precentral and visual areas might be associated to reduced awareness of input signals observed in alcohol (Çöl et al., 2016). Affected brain areas also span motor (SMA) and cognitive (precuneus) functions suggesting that top-down body control pathways might also be impaired. Nicotine induced a protective effect in drinkers who also smoked for particular brain areas in the default network (PCC) and higher visual processing network (lingual gyrus and fusiform girus), but did not improve the reduced connectivity of the primary visual region. These different effects in visual areas may be useful in separating drinkers and drinkers that smoke. In addition to PCC, nicotine also increased connectivity in the angular gyrus, which is another important part of the DMN. This DMN hyper-connectivity supports the idea of a salience disruption that shifts network dynamic towards the DMN in order to resolve withdrawal effects in the brain (Sutherland et al., 2012). Our observations seem to lack the ECN emphasis previously found by alcohol studies (Weiland et al., 2014). Only
