Chunk #35 — Results — Is Increased Nicotine Dependence Associated With Greater Negative Affect and Craving? — Retrospective questionnaires

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A multimodal approach to assessing the impact of nicotine dependence, nicotine abstinence, and craving on negative affect in smokers.

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We modeled the main effect of FTND on each of the retrospective questionnaires (CES-D, PANAS, and WSWS) separately, at baseline. PANAS Negative scale scores were positively associated with increases in FTND (PE = 0.76, SE = 0.32; F(1, 105) = 5.46, p < .02). There were no significant main effects of FTND on baseline CES-D, PANAS Positive, or any of the WSWS subscale scores.