A new finding that emerged from the recent TF-PCA work with the FN and P3 (Bernat et al., 2011) was an ordered description of how the phase (positive and negative peaks) and amplitude for both theta and delta combined in traditional time-domain components, suggesting a clear description of how these dynamics can complicate inferences from time-domain measures, as follows. For the time-domain FN and P3, the faster oscillation of theta contributed increased amplitude to the negative polarity of the FN component, but positive amplitude at P3, due to the phase reversal of theta during these two components. On the other hand, the slower changing phase of delta contributed positive amplitude to both the FN and P3 components. This theta and delta phase dynamic had a crucial relationship to gain-loss experimental effects when observed in the time domain; the increased delta activity to gain feedback corresponded to an enhanced positivity at both FN and P3, while enhanced theta activity for losses produced opposite effects at FN (increased negative amplitude) and P3 (increased positive amplitude). Together theta and delta combined additively at
