Computerized adaptations of the Tower of London Test (TOLT) [63] and the Visual Span Test (VST) [64,65] were administered using the Colorado assessment tests for cognitive and neuropsychological assessment [66], as described previously [6]. Planning and problem-solving ability of the executive functions were assessed using the TOLT in which participants solved a set of puzzles with graded difficulty levels by arranging the color beads one at a time from a starting position to a desired goal position in as few moves as possible. The test consisted of 3 puzzle types with 3, 4, and 5 colored beads placed on the same number of pegs, with 7 problems/trials per type and a total of 21 trials. Five performance measures from the sum total of all puzzle types were used in the analysis: (i) excess moves (additional moves beyond the minimum moves required to solve the puzzle); (ii) the average pickup time (initial thinking/planning time spent until picking up the first bead to solve the puzzle); (iii) the average total time (total thinking/planning time to solve the problem in each puzzle type);
