At W2, the 12-item Perceived Devaluation- Discrimination (PDD) scale (Link, 1987) adapted for measuring PAS (α = 0.82; Ruan et al., 2008) was collected (e.g., “Most employers will hire a former alcoholic if he or she is qualified for the job”). (See Supplementary Material S1 for PDD items.1) We reversed the coding of six items so higher scores indicated more perceived stigma. Following prior work (Glass et al., 2013), we modeled PAS as a latent variable with adjustment for method effects due to reverse-item wording. Method effects adjustment was conducted with a correlated uniqueness approach, where the error terms of reverse-worded items were correlated (Marsh et al., 2010).
