Several studies have examined ethnic subgroups. In the 1999–2002 NSDUH surveys among lifetime alcohol users, past-year DSM-IV illicit drug dependence was approximately 1.5% in full (single race) Native Hawaiian and Korean, 1% in Pacific Islander and Vietnamese, and 0.5% in Chinese, Filipino, Indian, and Japanese Americans19. Wu & Blazer’s53 review of population-based studies published between 2010–2015 found Asian Americans as a whole have a lower prevalence of DUDs compared with other ethnic groups, but sample sizes were too small to compare rates of DUDs within Asian American subgroups. Among Hispanics in NESARC-I22,24, lifetime DSM-IV drug dependence was significantly higher in Puerto Rican (3.3%) than in Mexican (1.8%) and Cuban (1.0%) Americans. Lipsky and Caetano52 reviewed national survey data on Hispanic American drug use through 2009, but did not examine DUDs. We found only one study that examined Black subgroups. In the 2001–2003 National Survey of American Life, a similar prevalence of lifetime DSM-IV alcohol and drug dependence combined was found in Black (4.9%, n = 3,570) and Caribbean Black (4.1%, n = 1,621) American adults54. In Native Americans, lifetime DSM-IV
