The regions of the brain implicated in this and our previous fMRI analysis are concordant with other studies of alcoholism and drug abuse. Using fMRI task-related paradigms, many observed differences in activation in the executive control and appetitive drive networks have been associated with alcohol use, abuse, and dependence, suggesting that multiple brain regions can contribute to the poor decision making and risky behaviors seen in alcoholism (for a review, see (Camchong et al., 2013a)). Increased activity in the amygdala and insula associated with inflexible poor decision making (Xiao et al., 2013) is found in binge drinkers, while lower activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is observed in short-term abstinent alcoholics during inhibition tasks (Li et al., 2009), in adolescents with a family history of alcohol drinking during risky decision making (Cservenka and Nagel, 2012) and in adolescents without notable substance use involvement during response inhibition (Norman et al., 2011). Lesser activation of prefrontal executive control regions than seen in controls has been observed in alcoholics during spatial and verbal working memory tasks (Cservenka and Nagel, 2012, Desmond et al.,
