substance use involvement during response inhibition (Norman et al., 2011). Lesser activation of prefrontal executive control regions than seen in controls has been observed in alcoholics during spatial and verbal working memory tasks (Cservenka and Nagel, 2012, Desmond et al., 2003, Pfefferbaum et al., 2001). Active drinkers show enhanced BOLD activation in the ventral striatum when presented with visual alcohol cues, also supporting the notion of a stronger appetitive and reward drive in current alcohol dependence (Ihssen et al., 2011, Myrick et al., 2004, Myrick et al., 2008). Active drinkers with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence show higher activity in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) regions during delayed reward decision (Amlung et al., 2014) compared to active drinkers without alcohol dependence, which may reflect alcoholics' increased demand of the executive control network when required to make decisions on behavior ruled by appetitive drive. These studies demonstrate that excessive alcohol use and even the genetic vulnerability to alcoholism (observed prior to initiating alcohol use) is associated with activation patterns different than controls in brain regions that are part of the executive control and appetitive drive network. Recent work has examined resting state fMRI synchrony in multiple brain networks in individuals
