As predicted, both prosocial rewards and problem solving were related to less drug initiation, antisocial beliefs, and problem behaviors in both African American and European American youth. Psychological costs were positively and significantly linked to drug initiation and problem behaviors for both African American and European American youth in our sample. Antisocial rewards also increased antisocial beliefs and problem behaviors. We found evidence of only one instance of race moderation. The relationship between antisocial rewards and drug initiation was moderated by race. Although antisocial rewards were positively related to drug initiation for both groups, it was only significant for the European American youth, a finding which has been demonstrated with families with somewhat younger children (Cauce et al., 1992). These findings are consistent with other work which has assessed factorial and structural invariance using similar analytic techniques (Amato & Fowler, 2002; Whiteside-Mansell, Bradley, Tresch Owen, Randolph, & Cauce, 2003). However, previously reported race differences in the relationship between parent-reported discipline practices and teacher-rated behavior problems at school (Deater-Deckard, Dodge, Bates, & Pettit, 1996; Lansford, Deater-Deckard, Dodge, Bates, & Pettit, 2004)
