current study only used neuroimaging features. Because we relied on a convenience sample combined from existing studies, few measures overlapped, thus preventing us from conducting our analyses with behavioral assessments. Future studies that combine neuroimaging and behavioral assessments will be valuable for determining the utility of neuroimaging measures in predicting group membership. Another limitation originates from the strict multiple comparison correction utilized to reduce the number of false positives. Reported findings likely reflect only the strongest effects of drinking or smoking, while other possible effects like the ones observed by hypotheses-driven (Chanraud et al., 2011; Janes et al., 2012) region-of-interest may be missed. This could explain the relatively small number of ECN effects observed in this work compared to previous studies (Cole et al., 2010; Weiland et al., 2014). In this study, participants were not actively using other drugs (including methamphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy, prescription pain medication, prescription sedatives and stimulants). As has been done here between alcohol and nicotine, future studies should be conducted to evaluate the potential cross effect with other common substances such as marijuana. In spite of the multiple group differences observed, the results show few relationships with AUDIT and FTND, which could be indication of pre-existing
