All animal procedures were performed in accordance with protocols approved by Wake Forest University School of Medicine Animal Care and Use Committee and were consistent with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (120 – 140g) were obtained from Harlan at the beginning of the experiments described below. All animals were housed in an animal care facility at 23°C with a 12-hour light/dark cycle and given food and water ad libitum. Rats were weighed daily to ensure that at least 80% of their free-feeding weight was maintained during vapor chamber ethanol exposure.