Impulsivity scores also positively predict gambling severity (Krueger et al., 2005; Steel and Blaszczynski, 1998) and short-term engagement with treatment (Leblond et al., 2003) mirroring relationships that have been observed in substance use disorders (Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2008). Two prospective studies have also linked trait impulsivity in adolescence and young adulthood with later development of gambling, as well as substance use problems, at 3 to 4 year follow-up (Slutske et al., 2005; Vitaro et al., 1999).
