Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) can overcome these limitations. To date, relatively few GWAS have focused on antisocial phenotypes. One study, carried out on childhood conduct disorder in an American sample (N=3963, including 872 cases and 3091 controls), detected three genome-wide significant loci(D. M. Dick et al., 2011). However, none of the other published GWAS studies Tielbeek et al. 2012(Tielbeek et al., 2012) (QIMR, N=4816, continuous measure of adult antisocial behaviour), Salvatore et al. 2015(Salvatore et al., 2015) (COGA, N=1379, continuous measure of adult antisocial behaviour, part of the present meta-analysis), Viding et al. 2010(Viding et al., 2010) (TEDS, N=1186 (Ncases=593), psychopathic tendencies) and Derringer et al. 2015(Derringer et al., 2015) (Center on Antisocial Drug Dependence, N=1901, continuous measure of behavioural disinhibition) reported evidence for a genome-wide association with any genetic variants(Derringer et al., 2015; Salvatore et al., 2015; Tielbeek et al., 2012; Viding et al., 2010).
