All subjects were personally interviewed using the Semi-Structured Assessment for Nicotine Dependence (SSAND) which was developed specifically for COGEND and is modeled after the widely use Semi-structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA)(Bucholz et al. 1994; Hesselbrock et al. 1999). The tobacco section is poly-diagnostic, and includes the assessment of nicotine dependence using both the FTND, and DSM-IV criteria. Alcohol and drug use, abuse, and dependence, and other psychiatric disorder sections are identical to those in the SSAGA.
