We used two population-based cohort samples: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and Spit for Science (S4S). ALSPAC recruited 14,541 pregnant women residing in Avon, UK, with expected dates of delivery April 1, 1991, to December 31, 1992; 14,541 is the initial number of pregnancies for which the mothers enrolled in the ALSPAC study and had either returned at least 1 questionnaire or attended a “Children in Focus” clinic by July 19, 1999. Of these initial pregnancies, there was a total of 14,062 live births and 13,988 children who were alive at 1 year of age. Subsequent phases of enrollment increased the sample size over time. The phases of enrollment are described in more detail elsewhere (Boyd et al., 2013; Fraser et al., 2013). For the current analyses, full or partial phenotypic data were available for 5,626 participants, in part reflecting the need for a subject to have had experience with alcohol in order to fill out the SRE. The study website contains details of all the data that is available through a fully searchable data dictionary
