The five cohorts within the CAGES project are the Lothian Birth Cohorts of 192114,15 and 193616 (LBC1921, LBC1936), the Aberdeen Birth Cohort 1936 (ABC1936) 14,15, and the Manchester and Newcastle Longitudinal Studies of Cognitive Aging cohorts17 (Supplementary Table 1). Together these cohorts comprise 3511 healthy individuals with detailed cognitive abilities measured in middle to older adulthood.