2004; Jee et al., 2013; Mathies et al., 2015; Raabe et al., 2014). In addition, worms can develop chronic tolerance to alcohol, which is observed by withdrawal-induced clumping behavior after 20 hours of exposure (Davies et al., 2004), by withdrawal-induced tremor after 4 hours of exposure (Jee et al., 2013) or by withdrawal-induced increases in omega turns without accompanying reversals after 6 to 48 hours of exposure (Mitchell et al., 2010). Like flies, worms can also express complicated behavioral changes in response to alcohol; they can learn state dependently (Bettinger and McIntire, 2004) and can develop a preference for alcohol when they are exposed to it for 4 hours in the presence of a food source (Lee et al., 2009).
