2,871 EU cases with DSM-5 Tourette syndrome were identified by email/online recruitment combined with validated, web-based phenotypic assessments (12, 13) (N=1,264), or from Tourette syndrome specialty clinics in the US, Canada, and Europe (N=1,607) (Supplemental Methods). All subjects were genotyped at the UCLA Neuroscience Genomics Core (UNGC). After quality control, 2,711 cases were retained for analysis.