As shown in Table 3, with the exception of maternal strictness and paternal pressure to do well in school, all parental level variables were associated with the smoking outcomes relative to never smoking. Excessive parental drinking was associated with ever, regular and ND smoking. Less paternal strictness was associated with ever, regular and ND smoking. Similar patterns were observed for parental rule inconsistency. Relatively more offspring were ever smokers, regular smokers and ND as compared to never smokers if they reported not being close to mother or father. Last, reporting little pressure to do well in school was associated with a higher proportion of smoking outcomes relative to never smoking.
