Table 2 displays the association of predictor variables among offspring by smoking outcomes. The paternal 4-group design variable, maternal `HSI' were positively (p<0.05) associated with offspring smoking outcomes relative to never smoking. Group 1 offspring, those at high genetic and high environmental risk for ND, were more often ever smokers, regular smokers and ND compared to being never smokers. Likewise, offspring of mothers with ND (i.e. high heavy smoking index) were also more likely to be ever, regular and ND smokers.
