in other ethnic populations with different LD structure may be revealing. GWAS confirmation of candidate gene findings is reassuring, and similar to the robust findings in type II diabetes85 but in sharp contrast to GWAS results in other psychiatric disorders, which so far have failed to replicate any candidate findings.54 Such candidate genes with prior biochemical evidence and animal models allow a quicker move to functional studies. Well-designed GWASs with large samples should help to identify additional genes, including genes that implicate novel biological pathways involved in addiction.
