New insights into the genetics of addiction.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Li, Ming D; Burmeister, Margit
- Year
- 2009
- Journal
- Nature reviews. Genetics
- PMID
- 19238175
- DOI
- 10.1038/nrg2536
- PMCID
- PMC2879628
Drug addiction is a common brain disorder that is extremely costly to the individual and to society. Genetics contributes significantly to vulnerability to this disorder, but identification of susceptibility genes has been slow. Recent genome-wide linkage and association studies have implicated several regions and genes in addiction to various substances, including alcohol and, more recently, tobacco. Current efforts aim not only to replicate these findings in independent samples but also to determine the functional mechanisms of these genes and variants.
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1β20 of 27
Next β
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| Ability to quit smoking | phenotype |
| acetylcholine | drug |
| addiction | phenotype |
| ADH2 | gene |
| ADH4 | gene |
| ADH7 | gene |
| ADH gene cluster | gene |
| African American | cohort |
| age | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| alcoholism | phenotype |
| alcohol-related phenotypes | phenotype |
| alcohol sensitivity | phenotype |
| alcohol withdrawal | phenotype |
| ALDH2 | gene |
| Alzheimer's disease | phenotype |
| American Indians | cohort |
| ANKK1 | gene |
| ANKK1 variant local | variant |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| Asian | cohort |
| autism | phenotype |
| candidate genes | cohort |
| cannabis use | phenotype |
| Caucasian | cohort |
| Caucasians | cohort |
| Chinese men | cohort |
| CHRNA10 | gene |
| CHRNA2 | gene |
| Chrna3 | gene |
| CHRNA3 SNP local | variant |
| Chrna4 | gene |
| CHRNA5 | gene |
| CHRNA5/A3 SNPs local | variant |
| CHRNA5 nonsynonymous polymorphism local | variant |
| Chrna6 | gene |
| Chrna7 | gene |
| CHRNA8 | gene |
| CHRNA9 | gene |
| Chrnb2 | gene |
| Chrnb3 | gene |
| Chrnb4 | gene |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| cocaine-induced motor response local | phenotype |
| cocaine self-administration | phenotype |
| comorbid alcohol and drug dependence local | phenotype |
| continued use | phenotype |
| Cultural background local | phenotype |
| dependence | phenotype |
| dependent smokers local | cohort |
| dopamine release in ventral striatum local | phenotype |
| early-onset smokers local | cohort |
| Early response to alcoholism local | phenotype |
| early smoking | phenotype |
| education | phenotype |
| European ancestry | cohort |
| excessive ambulation local | phenotype |
| GABA | phenotype |
| GABA subunit genes local | gene |
| Gabbr2 | gene |
| Gabra1 | gene |
| GABRA2 | gene |
| GABRA2 nonsynonymous variant local | variant |
| GABRB1 | gene |
| Gabrb2 | gene |
| heavy drinking | phenotype |
| heritability | phenotype |
| heterozygous Leu9β²Ala KI mice local | cohort |
| heterozygous Leu9β²Ser KI mice local | cohort |
| homozygous Leu9β²Ala KI mice local | cohort |
| illicit drug use | phenotype |
| initiation | phenotype |
| Jewish Americans local | cohort |
| Leu9β²Ala local | variant |
| Leu9β²Ala KI mice local | cohort |
| Leu9β²Ser local | variant |
| Leu9β²Ser KI mice local | cohort |
| LOC123688 | gene |
| locomotion-suppressant effects of nicotine local | phenotype |
| loss of righting reflex | phenotype |
| lung cancer | phenotype |
| Lung cancer susceptibility local | phenotype |
| motor learning impairment local | phenotype |
| multiple drugs | drug |
| multiple substances of abuse local | phenotype |
| nicotine | drug |
| nicotine dependence | phenotype |
| nicotine-induced seizures | phenotype |
| nicotine self-administration | phenotype |
| nicotine sensitivity | phenotype |
| NRXN1 | gene |
| NRXN3 | gene |
| opioid | drug |
| opioid dependence | phenotype |
| other addictions | phenotype |
| polysubstance abuse | phenotype |
| positive reinforcement | phenotype |
| problematic alcohol use | phenotype |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| reduced dopaminergic function local | phenotype |
| regular non-dependent smokers local | cohort |
| resistance to nicotine-induced seizures local | phenotype |
| reward | phenotype |
| Rodent models of addiction local | cohort |
| rs1044396 | variant |
| rs16969968 | variant |
| rs2072661 | variant |
| rs2236196 | variant |
| schizophrenia | phenotype |
| sedative dependence | phenotype |
| sedatives | drug |
| sensitization | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| single substance local | phenotype |
| SLC6A11 | gene |
| smoking | phenotype |
| smoking cessation | phenotype |
| smoking initiation | phenotype |
| smoking quantity | phenotype |
| socioeconomic status | phenotype |
| somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal local | phenotype |
| Southwest American Indians local | cohort |
| stimulant dependence | phenotype |
| stimulants | drug |
| subjective response to smoking local | phenotype |
| substance abuse | phenotype |
| tobacco dependence | phenotype |
| tobacco use | phenotype |
| tolerance | phenotype |
| Twin cohort | cohort |
| type 2 diabetes | phenotype |
| varenicline | drug |
| ventral striatum | anatomy |
| vulnerability to nicotine dependence local | phenotype |
| Ξ±3 KO heterozygous mice local | cohort |
| Ξ±4Ξ²2 nAChR | drug |
| Ξ±5 KO mice local | cohort |
| Ξ²4 KO mice local | cohort |
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