the alternative outcome stimuli and were thus influenced (at least partially) by the relative loss or gain based on the alternative outcomes. In Yeung & Sanfey’s [22] study, although the alternative outcome appeared 1500 ms after the onset of the chosen outcome, the subjects knew and expected that the net outcome would be based on an alternative outcome that was to follow. Our results are consistent with Gehring and Willoughby’s interpretation in terms of gain versus loss although we have used an SOP gambling task. Further, in contrast to multiple outcome tasks, the SOP paradigm used in this study permitted us to describe “brain signatures” for loss and gain in an ‘unconfounded’ manner.
