Since gene co-expression networks may capture additional disease-associated signatures to DEG, we compared gene association statistics with gene co-expression modules in three psychiatric disorders (Extended Data Fig. 6b). We found that an interneuronal module (geneM23) downregulated in ASD were enriched for ADHD-associated genes. Further, SCZ-associated genes were enriched for a synaptic module (geneM7) upregulated in BD and SCZ. MDD-associated genes were enriched for a neurodevelopmental module (geneM16) upregulated in BD and SCZ.