al., 2006) and was associated with an inability to elicit LTD in both the core and the shell (Martin et al., 2006). LTD in the NAc core could still not be elicited even following 21 days of abstinence yet was present in NAc slices prepared from animals that self-administered food or received cocaine passively in a yoked-design (Martin et al., 2006). These results suggest that some specific aspects of the cocaine self-administration protocol results in a long-lasting adaptation in NAc MSNs that impairs LTD.