Consistent with prediction, after adjusting for sociodemographic variables (age, marital status, income, education, race, and sex) and the presence of lifetime alcohol or drug (nonmarijuana) abuse/dependence, lifetime marijuana use was significantly associated with a lifetime panic attack and panic disorder history. This lifetime marijuana use–panic attack and marijuana use–panic disorder association was similarly evident (in pattern and magnitude) when nicotine dependence was included as an additional covariate (see Table 1). These findings replicate past work indicating a lifetime marijuana use–panic attack association (Zvolensky et al., 2006), and uniquely extend it to a lifetime history of panic disorder. When current (past-year) panic attacks and panic disorder were examined, a slightly different pattern was evident. Specifically, lifetime marijuana use was significantly associated with risk of current (past-year) panic attacks and panic disorder when adjusting for sociodemographic factors and nonmarijuana substance use dependence as well as nicotine dependence. The one exception to this pattern of findings pertained to the association between lifetime marijuana use and current panic attack history. Here, the relation between lifetime marijuana use and current panic attack was not statistically
