Neuroimmune responses vary according to the nature, severity, and duration of the triggering insult and function to facilitate tissue repair, cellular debris clearance, secretion of neurotrophic factors, and matrix remodeling (Harry and Kraft, 2008). Effects of neuroimmune molecules on neuronal plasticity and overall brain circuit function are now emerging (Blank and Prinz, 2017; Nisticò et al., 2017). In the brain, these molecules are not just involved in immune function, but also play integral roles in normal brain development and behavior through modulation of synaptic activity (Tonelli et al., 2005; Yirmiya and Goshen, 2011). For example, the cytokine IL-1β has many roles throughout brain development, regulating differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (Vela et al., 2002) and neurons in the spinal cord (la Mano et al., 2007). In the mature brain, long-term potentiation (LTP) and other mechanisms of learning induce expression of IL-1β, indicating it can function in a non-inflammatory neuromodulatory role (Schneider et al., 1998). The cytokine IL-6 has crucial roles in neurogenesis and overall brain function (Erta et al., 2012). TNF-α regulates activity-dependent synaptic scaling (Stellwagen and Malenka, 2006) and
