most cohorts, controls were screened for the absence of lifetime psychiatric disorders and randomly selected from the population. For five cohorts (iPSYCH30, deCODE genetics31, Estonian Biobank32, Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT)33 and UK Biobank34), GWAS summary statistics for BD were shared with the PGC. In these cohorts, BD cases were ascertained using ICD codes or self-report during a nurse interview, and the majority of controls were screened for the absence of psychiatric disorders via ICD codes. Follow-up analyses included four non-European BD case-control cohorts, two from East Asia (Japan59 and Korea92), and two admixed African American cohorts22,93, providing a total of 5,847 cases and 65,588 controls. These BD cases were ascertained using international consensus criteria (DSM-IV)22,93 through psychiatric interviews (Supplementary Note).
