creating neuronal cultures from human stem cells, particularly from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), originating from a patient, has received wide attention for the potential to create translatable disease-in-a-dish models. Following the discovery of iPSCs, several studies have fueled enthusiasm for their use in neurological disorders. Indeed, iPSCs from patients with neurological diseases—such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and motor neuron disease—have been established successfully8–19. More importantly, previous studies have also shown that physiologically functional neurons, characterized by synaptic transmission and generation of action potentials, can be differentiated from iPSCs or fibroblast-direct conversion, indicating the neuronal cells induced from iPSCs are likely to be functional20–27. However, many limitations still affect the application of this technology in personalized medicine in a clinical setting. One of the main limitations is that the characteristic parameters of the differentiation cells in different stages have not been clearly described to date. In our study, we examined the transcriptome phenotype coupled with functional neuron mature process assessed by both morphology and electrophysiological analyses.
