SI (OR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.47–1.80) and negative association with SA (OR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.72–0.97). An additional regression analysis was conducted to investigate the association of the severity of polysubstance dependence (i.e., the number of SD diagnoses) with suicidality (Fig. 1, right panel). Considering the most extreme cases (i.e., all 5 SDs), we observed the largest effects: OR = 6.77 (95% CI = 5.74–7.99) for SI; OR = 2.01 (95% CI = 1.51–2.68) for persistent SI; OR = 2.62 (95% CI = 2.04–3.39) for SP; OR = 3.61 (95% CI = 2.7–4.86) for SA. The Yale-Penn cohort includes individuals reporting different racial/ethnic groups (Table 1). We observed that self-reported racial/ethnic groups were associated with suicidality outcomes when adjusted for age, sex, and polysubstance dependence (Supplemental Tables 2 and 3). In the Army STARRS participants (N = 11,236), we observed similar effects of SUDcombined: OR = 2.88 (95% CI = 2.6–3.19) for SI; OR = 3.88 (95% CI = 2.79–4.10) for SP; OR = 3.92 (95% CI = 3.19–4.81) for SA.
