the EA replication sample take into account the comparisons of multiple haplo-types. In summary, our study shows that MANEA gene variants are strongly associated with CD and CIP in both EA and AA populations. This finding, which was discovered initially through a low-density genome scan, suggests that drug dependence and associated behaviors may involve biological pathways not typically associated with brain metabolism and opens a new pathway to understanding these highly prevalent disorders and their psychopathologic manifestations.
