Adolescent participants and their mothers (N= 288) were identified originally through a larger prospective pregnancy study that recruited women receiving prenatal care at our University maternity hospital. Mothers were screened extensively at each prenatal visit for use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs using a structured interview. Inclusion criteria for the longitudinal child study were singleton birth between September 1989 and August 1991 and continued residence within the Detroit area for assessments at 7 and 14 years of age. Exclusion criteria for the longitudinal child study included multiple gestation (e.g. twins or triplet), children born to women known to be HIV positive, and those with multiple congenital malformations. Offspring from repeat pregnancies to the same participating mother were excluded. Because African American women constituted more than 90% of our prenatal clinic population, participation was limited to this group. At the initial follow-up visit at age 7 years, six children were deceased and four others were recognized to have congenital malformations, and were thus excluded. Families were geographically stable in that they remained in the area but moved frequently within Detroit.
