The principal classes of alcohol-related disorders in the ICD are alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. We used ICD-9 codes 303.X (dependence) and 305–305.03 (abuse) and ICD-10 codes F10.1 (abuse) and F10.2 (dependence) to identify subjects diagnosed with either of these disorders, as suggested previously40 (see Supplementary Table 2). Participants with at least one inpatient or two outpatient alcohol-related ICD-9/10 codes (N = 274,391) from 2000 to 2018 were assigned a diagnosis of AUD, an approach that has been shown to yield greater specificity of ICD codes than chart review41.
