For the standard linkage analysis (which does not take into account the repeated measures feature of these data), we used SOLAR [3], and the p-values were combined over multiple replicates using Fisher’s method [4]. Smoking, Sex, and Age were used as covariates, although the nonsignificant covariates were not in the final model. We chose not to include Population among the covariates because our analyses were performed separately for the Luhya pedigrees and the Yoruba pedigrees.
