It is generally understood that the oscillatory dynamics of the brain reflect the coordinated interactions between groups of neurons across multiple temporal and spatial scales (Buzsáki, 2006; van Bree et al., 2025). While EEG coherence represents a within-frequency measures of functional connectivity, PAC represents cross-frequency connectivity dynamics which also take place within and between brain networks (Canolty and Knight, 2010). Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) is an umbrella term referring to putative mechanisms for coordinating the activity of neural assemblies oscillating at different frequencies, and these mechanisms have been associated with both healthy functioning as well as psychiatric and neurological disorders (Yakubov et al., 2022). Phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) is one means by which functional connectivity can be achieved where fast, high amplitude oscillations in one neuronal network are preferentially generated at a phase angle, often at peak or trough, of a slower frequency oscillation from another network (Deshpande et al., 2022; Huber et al., 2021; Marzetti et al., 2019). Statistical estimates of both PAC and coherence have minimum and maximum possible values, with EEG coherence ranging between the absence of synchrony to
