In cross-sectional analyses, low hemoglobin was associated with lower cognition [132], and in longitudinal analyses it was associated with risk of incident AD [133]. In longitudinal analyses, lower kidney function was associated with more rapid rate of cognitive decline [134]. Diabetes was associated with poorer cognitive function and more parkinsonism [42,135–137]. Vibratory function was also associated with parkinsonian gait after controlling for diabetes [138]. Musculoskeletal pain was associated with incident disability [41]. Finally, inflammatory markers were associated with cortical thinning on ante-mortem neuroimaging [139].
