disorders including anxiety disorders, major depression, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, PTSD, etc. (Regier et al., 1990; Kessler et al., 1996; Grant et al., 2004). Thus, it is important to test any risk gene (or genes) identified in the present study, especially the novel gene (or genes) related to these systems, in these non-alcoholism neuropsychiatric disorders, to see if they are specific for alcohol dependence. We note that not all neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders were exhaustively examined in the present study, which may be a limitation of this specificity test.