top 2%, 5%, or 10% of the PRS distribution, and calculated OR of these high-risk individuals versus the rest of the samples, adjusting for the covariates. We further calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV; the proportion of identified high-risk individuals who are true T2D cases), and negative predictive value (NPV; the proportion of individuals who are not identified as high-risk and are true T2D controls) to examine the clinical utility of these classifiers. Since PPV and NPV depend on the prevalence of the disease, we report prevalence-adjusted PPV and NPV calculated as:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm{PPV}=\left(\mathrm{sensitivity}\times \mathrm{prev}\right)/\left[\mathrm{sensitivity}\times \mathrm{prev}+\left(1-\mathrm{specificity}\right)\times \left(1-\mathrm{prev}\right)\right],$$\end{document}PPV=sensitivity×prev/sensitivity×prev+1-specificity×1-prev,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm{NPV}=\mathrm{specificity}\times \left(1-\mathrm{prev}\right)/\left[\mathrm{specificity}\times \left(1-\mathrm{prev}\right)+\left(1-\mathrm{sensitivity}\right)\times \mathrm{prev}\right],$$\end{document}NPV=specificity×1-prev/specificity×1-prev+1-sensitivity×prev,where prev denotes population-specific prevalence of diagnosed T2D, which was extracted from the recent literature (European 10.0%; African 12.5%; Hispanic 13.1%; Asian 13.7%) [2].
