Pronounced racial differences in SES at the neighborhood and community level are likely an important contributor to the residual effects of race after adjustment for individual and household level indicators of SES. These differences in neighborhood quality and community conditions are driven by residential segregation by race – a neglected but enduring legacy of institutional racism in the U.S.62 Considerable evidence suggests that because of segregation, the residential conditions under which African Americans, American Indians and an increasing proportion of Latinos live are distinctive from those of the rest of the population. A recent study documented striking differences in opportunities for growth and development of children in the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. where children reside. It found that 76% of African American children and 69% of Latino children live under worse conditions than the worst off white children.63 Another study found that in one third of the largest metro areas, there is no overlap in neighborhood poverty between blacks and whites and that neighborhood poverty distributions of whites overlapped those of blacks and Latinos only 27% of
