et al. 1996; Chen et al. 1997; Choi et al. 2005; Fan et al. 1998; Higuchi et al. 1996; Kim et al. 2004; Lee et al. 2001; Lee et al. 1999; Montane-Jaime et al. 2006; Nakamura et al. 1996; Osier et al. 1999; Park et al. 2001; Shen et al. 1997a; Shen et al. 1997b; Thomasson et al. 1994; Thomasson et al. 1991; Yu et al. 2002) of Asian populations; 18 studies(Borras et al. 2000; Chambers et al. 2002; Cichoz-Lach et al. 2008; Couzigou et al. 1990; Day et al. 1991; Espinos et al. 1997; Foley et al. 2004; Frenzer et al. 2002; Gilder et al. 1993; Grove et al. 1998; Kuo et al. 2008; Luo et al. 2007; Neumark et al. 1998; Pares et al. 1994; Sherman et al. 1994; Sherva et al. 2009; Vidal et al. 2004) of European populations; three studies(Konishi et al. 2003; Konishi et al. 2004; Wall et al. 2003) of Mexican Americans, and two studies(Luo et al. 2007; Montane-Jaime et al. 2006) of African Americans. Among them one study(Neumark et al. 1998) investigated heroin dependence and abuse; two studies(Luo et al. 2007) investigated multi-drug dependence; and among the 50 studies of AD (or AD
