studies(Luo et al. 2007; Montane-Jaime et al. 2006) of African Americans. Among them one study(Neumark et al. 1998) investigated heroin dependence and abuse; two studies(Luo et al. 2007) investigated multi-drug dependence; and among the 50 studies of AD (or AD and abuse) 14 studies(Borras et al. 2000; Chao et al. 1994; Chao et al. 2000; Chao et al. 1997; Cichoz-Lach et al. 2008; Couzigou et al. 1990; Day et al. 1991; Frenzer et al. 2002; Grove et al. 1998; Lee et al. 2001; Pares et al. 1994; Sherman et al. 1994; Vidal et al. 2004) investigated alcohol-related liver disease, cirrhosis, and (or) pancreatitis (five of them also included data for alcoholics without any of these diseases). The 53 studies included 6,796 cases and 6,938 controls. The results are described below.
