Moreover, our findings suggest that a wide range of emotion regulation processes may be disrupted by experiences of stress and victimization, including emotional awareness, expressive modulation of sadness and anger, and rumination, heightening risk for aggressive behavior. At first glance, the relationship between disruptions in some of these emotion regulation strategies and aggressive behavior is not obvious, particularly dysregulated sadness expression and rumination. However, multiple lines of evidence suggest that both dysregulated sadness and rumination are associated with aggressive behavior. In children, victims of peer aggression report strong feelings of sadness as well as high levels of retaliatory aggression (Camodeca and Goossens 2005). In addition, although rumination is typically conceptualized as a response to sadness or dysphoria (Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 2008), rumination can be elicited by experiences of anger (Peled and Moretti 2007). Rumination triggered by anger has been shown to increase engagement in aggressive behavior (Peled and Moretti 2007, 2010), including in children and adolescents. Finally, children with depression often engage in aggressive behaviors (Dodge 1993; Garber, et al. 1991) and have been shown to exhibit a hostile attribution
