et al., 2002b). Prenatal exposure to alcohol has been reported to be predictive of ADHD in childhood (Knopik et al., 2005; Streissguth et al., 1994; Coles et al., 1997) as well as earlier onset (e.g., Russell, 1991) and increased risk (Alati et al., 2006; Baer et al., 2003) of alcohol problems. Maternal smoking during pregnancy has also been shown to increase risk for ADHD (Knopik et al., 2006; Milberger et al., 1996; 1998; Mick et al., 2002a) as well as CD (Wakschlag et al., 2002).
