Parental separation was based on participant report of not living with both biological parents for the majority of time from between ages 12 to 17 years31 from the Home Environment section of the SSAGA.29 The construct was coded as parental separation = 1 for those who reported that they did not live with both biological parents most of the time between ages 12 and 17 years, and 0 for all others.32 We note that although the SSAGA has additional questions regarding whether mother/father were absent because of marital separation/divorce/desertion, these questions were not systematically asked of all participants because of a skip pattern in the interview. Thus, we opted to use the question regarding living arrangements while growing up (ie, not living with both biological parents) as our indicator of parental separation/divorce, which all participants were asked.
