Neighborhood-level risk factors, including low socioeconomic status, residential instability, and decreased community-resident and parent-child supervision are associated with adverse youth outcomes (Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000; Winstanley et al., 2008). There is some evidence that urban environments have greater residential mobility and fewer social constraints than rural environments, potentially creating a more tolerant (or oblivious) environment with easy access to alcohol that could allow for a greater range of expression of genetic liability to deviant behaviors.
