The sample consisted of 295 (167 females) biologically unrelated adult subjects from the Michigan Longitudinal Study (MLS) who were genotyped for eleven GABRA2 SNPs and for whom NEO-PI-R and the lifetime alcohol problems score (LAPS)data were available. This is an ongoing multi-wave, community recruited prospective study of families of men with a drunk-driving conviction and AUD diagnosis who were living with a 3–5 year old son/daughter and the biological mother at time of recruitment (mean age 32; range 22–46 at baseline). The study began recruitment in 1985. In addition, control families without a history of substance abuse were recruited from the same or socioeconomically comparable neighborhoods. Families identified during the community canvass for controls who also had an AUD diagnosis were recruited as well (Zucker et al., 1996). For this study only the parents were selected since both personality traits are more stable in adulthood and alcohol problems are more evident compared to the youth population. 125 subjects (51 females) had a DSM-IV lifetime alcohol dependence/abuse diagnosis and 170 (116 females) did not have this diagnosis. All subjects were unrelated
