Enormous effort has been devoted to generation of defined subtypes of neural cells from iPS cells (as well as ES cells). Neural cells made from patient-specific iPS cells can better elucidate the molecular mechanisms, which underlie the pathophysiology of many neurological disorders and disease, due to the ability to capture the role of genetic variants in disease etiology. In addition, reprogramming of AUD-iPS cells is not limited to terminal differentiation to only neurons. In fact, expression of proper developmental cues can drive differentiation to other cell types as well. For example, functionally active mature hepatocyte-like cells have been generated from human iPS cells to better understand the effects of alcohol on liver biology and function (Tian, Prasad, & Jang, 2016). The field of addiction research (specifically AUDs) can potentially benefit from an in vitro human model system (Lieberman et al., 2017, 2012; Oni et al., 2016) because it will allow studies to mitigate an individual’s genetic and/or epigenetic complexity. These benefits include: 1) Reprogramming technology provides a tool to assay functional effects on human neural tissue of alleles that have
