of BMI-associated SNPs in African-descent samples (P = 9.2 × 10−9) and 91% in east Asian samples (P = 1.8 × 10−15) showed directional consistency with our European-only analyses. These results suggest that common BMI-associated SNPs have comparable effects across ancestries and between sexes. In additional heterogeneity analyses, we detected an influence of ascertainment at TCF7L2 (stronger effects in type 2 diabetes case/control studies than in population-based studies); however, we saw no evidence of systematic ascertainment bias at other loci owing to inclusion of case/control studies (Supplementary Tables 10 and 11).
