Cocaine use disorder for all members of the SAGE dataset was measured using the DSM-5 criteria37. As outlined in the manual, 11 criteria (3 abuse, 7 dependence and craving) were combined and cocaine use disorder was scored as the endorsement of 2 or more of these 11 criteria (N = 506). Unaffected individuals met zero or one of the DSM-5 criteria (N = 1470).
