Khramtsova and colleagues 122 eloquently reviewed both the methodological advances and challenges for studying sex as a biological variable in the molecular era. Recently, more molecular genetic research has been completed in a sex‐specific manner. For example, Randall and colleagues 123 used sex‐specific GWAS to unravel the sexually dimorphic genetic underpinning of anthropometric traits, and found differential results for each trait by sex. It can be assumed that similar results will be found for other complex traits. Furthermore, Magi and colleagues 124 reviewed the methodology for meta‐analysis of sex‐specific GWAS. They propose a sex‐differentiated test of association, which allows for heterogeneity of allelic effects between males and females. In their study, they completed simulations and report only a small loss in power for the sex‐differentiated meta‐analysis when the allelic effects of the causal variant are the same in males and females; however, when considering differing allelic effects between genders, their method offers substantial gains in power. Clearly, additional methodological investigation in this area is warranted. Finally, the Neale Lab (http://www.nealelab.is) at the Broad Institute has published publicly available GWAS summary
